Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Importance of Teamwork in the Kitchen Essay - 1118 Words

Importance of Teamwork In the Kitchen Teamwork in the kitchen is a basic requirement as it is the main key of successful performance for anyone who is, going to or will join this most important department of hospitality. The purpose of this essay is to explain the concept of teamwork and how it applies to kitchen environment. Also, examples of personal experience of teamwork in class are provided to illustrate its effectiveness as a way to achieve common goals. Dwyer (2013, p. 224) defines teamwork as a cooperative effort by the members of a group or team to achieve common goals and objectives. This means that in a team, all members need to contribute to the common effort communicate and help each other to achieve set†¦show more content†¦Also, occupational health and safety standard is concerned in any kind of situations. Under the leader’s supervising, planning is therefore very important in the kitchen. When a recipe is given out, analysing the recipe, preparing right and correct amount of ingredients, selection of equipment and place them where they are required are essential. As a good leader, mise-en- place need be completed with team member’s contribution to make sure a smoothly cooking process and reach the time set with a final successful result. Also, carrying out mise- en-place during the whole process is one of a good team’s characteristics. All team members are INVOLVED - all talents and skills are used. If you have people who aren’t part of the action or who are grumbling in the background, investigate. They need to join the programme or move on to somewhere they will enjoy more (Burgin 2012).These are a short description of communication and organisation in the kitchen. In kitchen area, to avoid wasting time and energy to control every staff in particular details, good leader always share the job equally to all staff members with the right tool, and giving them the authority to handle the best tasks. In this case, delegation is what chefs use, motivation and trusting are given, and a successful performance will be done by the best contribution of the team. These are some examples ofShow MoreRelatedThe Environment Of A Commercial Kitchen919 Words   |  4 Pages‘The success of teamwork is about c oming together at the beginning, keeping the process consistent and working together to get the outcome is the success’ Henry Ford (Ford, 2001). In this essay will outline and focus on the environment of a commercial kitchen, and will also be highlighting the importance of teamwork within a kitchen. Some examples of personal experiences I have had in the past, regarding teamwork will also be included. A kitchen in the hotel industry can be described as hot, hardRead MoreThe Importance Of Team Working And The Keys For Successful Teamwork894 Words   |  4 PagesTeamwork plays one of the most important roles to succeed in any industry field. To achieve a goal, team members are required to work with the other members cooperatively. Speaking of food business, especially kitchen environment, it is of great significance. The purpose of this paper is to address the importance of team working and the keys for successful teamwork in the kitchen. A discussion of the kitchen environment and the writer’s actual experiences are presented, followed by the concept ofRead MoreWhen Great Food and Good Teams Go Bad at Cafà © Hip! Essay examples1698 Words   |  7 Pagesneutralize Ritchie’s power without effecting performance, using teamwork, teambuilding, mentoring and coaching solve the continuation of toxic emotions in Cafà © Hip. Introduction This report is about the problems in Cafà © Hip, power issues between the two key persons of the business, neutralization of extensive power of executive chef, toxic emotion between kitchen and floor department and solution of these continuous crises using teamwork, teambuilding, mentoring and coaching without affecting theRead More Restaurant Management Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesHe has been a manager for the restaurant for the past 7 years. I considered him a Functional Manager because of the definition in the book, i.e. He supervises the work of employees whom engages in different specialties, such as waiters/waitress, kitchen help, accounting, and quality control. But in the same realm he is considered a General Manager because he oversees the operations, helps in solving problems, spotting problems before they occur and insuring the safety of all employees and customersRead MoreMy Experience At My Hospital Volunteer Work872 Words   |  4 Pageswellbeing, and I want to dedicate my life s work to this field. I was fortunate to start my career at 16 at Chick-fil-A where I learned about teamwork and what it truly means to adopt a service philosophy. From there I polished up my culinary skills and learned about efficiency working as an assistant chef at Dixie Picnic, a scratch food, Southern comfort kitchen. I then entered the ARAMARK family in 2011 when I became a team member of the West Chester University Catering Department, New Street CateringRead MoreInformative Speech : Children Of Kids And Consists All Activities Done For Self Amusements1245 Words   |  5 Pagesparents can read stories to kids and stress on the importance of good morals in the story they are interpreting to their children. Children may identify the moral character of their favorite character in a movie or story and start imitating him/her. When playing with their peers, they quickly learn that cheating is wrong while taking turns in a precise manner is rewarding. The children playing as a group helps them develop a nd appreciate the role of teamwork by sharing and respecting other peoples’ feelingsRead MoreVolunteering At The Mary Manning Walsh Nursing Home Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical technology. As a student who greatly values independent learning through hands-on labs and explorations, I treasure the emphasis that Rice’s renowned bioengineering program places on research, especially within the Oshman Engineering Design Kitchen and nearby Texas Medical Center. After hearing about the great lifestyle and education offered at Rice University from my relative, a recent graduate, I further researched Rice University online and read about the programs it offers. FollowingRead MoreIs Academy For Lifelong Learning?851 Words   |  4 Pagesand just graduated from high school, which is now called Academy for Lifelong Learning (ALL). The goal of the school is to teach and prepare the students for any work environment they are going to be in. There are few classrooms in the warehouse, a kitchen, a craft room, storage room and even laundry room. They also have a store selling used clothing and some crafts that were made by the students themselves such as bracelets, rugs, and other random things. On the day of my visit, they were actuallyRead MoreStrategies For The Study Child788 Words   |  4 Pagesthe short time frame. Therefore, building on Annika’s personal interest of cooking (as documented in observations 2, 3, 9) an alternative strate gy is for Annika to set the dinning table each night as well as to assist her mother or father in the kitchen over the weekends helping with preparation for either lunch, dinner or an afternoon snack (e.g. chocolate cookies, brownies etc). Through this approach, Annika will be able to learn social skills such as interacting with others, taking turns, sharingRead MoreScience And An Arts Club Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages? Ipdaa cafe project stages :- 1-Our first objective is the space we need to build the space where to start Ipdaa cafe project. Second we need to buy materials to our visitors to make their ideas. Third :- of course we will also need an equipped kitchen for Ipdaa cafe such as :- Coffee machine + Water filter + juicer machine + Cashier Machine + ipdaa cafe website + advertising costs + rewards Backers + Chairs + Tables=+simple materials such as yarns and beads +scientific kits Workers salaries +License

Monday, December 16, 2019

Domestic Violence in the Lgbt Community Free Essays

string(51) " why female domestic violence is such a big issue\." Domestic Violence is fundamentally different in LGBT relationships for numerous reasons. There are many causal and contributory factors that make domestic violence in the LGBT community uniquely different than male-to-female or female-to-male battering. To understand these differences one must recognize domestic violence beyond the stereotypical heterosexual manifestation. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Violence in the Lgbt Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to A Professional Guide to Understanding Gay and Lesbian Domestic Violence, same-sex battering mirrors heterosexual battering, but same-sex victims have fewer resources and are less protected. Seven states define domestic violence in a way that excludes same-gender victims. Making matters worse is the fact that in some states sodomy is still considered a crime which forces a victim to confess to a crime in order to prove a domestic relationship. Many women’s shelters refuse services or safety to same-sex victims. Since same-sex marriage is not legal, many families are not considered â€Å"real families† in the eyes of the law, making it more difficult for these victims to get help. Perhaps one of the most compelling reasons LGBT domestic violence is so different is found in the unique communities of LGBT people. LGBT communities â€Å"provide social forums, rites of passage, rituals for celebration, and bodies of art and literature that combat isolation and allow us to explore our full potentials (Bartlet, 1993). † Because many LGBT people feel shunned and excluded from the American ideal, they have forged their own communities as refuge from the inequalities and persecution of mainstream America. The tools a batterer uses to maintain control, like power and control, cut across all lines of gender identity and sexual orientation, but a batterer’s behavior is always peppered with community influences. Batterers play on their victim’s vulnerabilities and community values to maintain control. The volumes of hate, hostility, and condemnation directed at LGBT people from mainstream America encourage self-loathing and internalized homophobia. It covertly forces isolation and creates a false sense of safety from within the community. And LGBT batterers manipulate those difficult realities to employ highly effective weapons against their partners. So community is a strong contributing factor to domestic violence in the LGBT community. The Frustration-Aggression theory of domestic violence adds another distinction to LGBT domestic violence. In essence, this theory opines that human beings can become violent when their goals are blocked. For gay male and female abusers, this theory is painfully true. Throughout childhood, before sexuality begins to develop, gay youngsters, like everyone else, think about and plan their future selves. They negotiate a life path within the frames of family, community, society, and the culture in which they live. In early adolescence, when sexuality comes to the fore and one’s homosexuality is questioned, those dreams of family and community begin to feel too exclusionary. This can be a time of tremendous stress; the sense of being inherently different and â€Å"bad† can be overwhelming. All the evils about homosexuals one has likely heard in the media and around the family can be internalized, and begin a pattern of self-hate and destruction. All adolescents ask the question, â€Å"Who am I? †, but for the adolescent homosexual it becomes increasingly more difficult to recognize that one is not necessarily growing up to be the person he originally imagined. And the person he is becoming is reduced to villainy by mainstream America. He begins to realize that many of his life goals are blocked, like marriage and basic human rights. Without a strong support system to negotiate and redefine his identity, this can be a traumatic and damaging experience. But family support is often lacking and positive gay role models are scarce. Coming out in adolescence is often a terrifyingly alone experience that can damage the soul and lead to frustration and anxiety that will carry on into future relationships. Coming to terms with second-class citizenship in the families, communities, and society in which he has imagined himself so abundantly different can result in frustration and feed the self-hate that has already started seeping in. And anger develops when certain fundamental goals are blocked. With such rite-of-passage circumstances as these, it is no wonder that domestic violence happens in 39% of gay male relationships (Merrill, pg. 44). A psychological aspect that contributes to the escalation of Domestic Violence in the LGBT community can be associated with the term heterosexism. Many use the term heterosexism to describe an individual who strongly believes in heterosexual relationships. Heterosexual relationships are described as being attracted to the opposite sex and being in intimate contact with only the opposite sex. Heterosexism is used in correlation to negative attitudes, bias, and discrimination of those who favor same sex relationships. The reason why this term is becoming associated with same-sex relationships that involve domestic violence is due to the use of power and control related to the term heterosexism. The power and control that ensues from heterosexism being used could be easily be described as â€Å"outing the victim in the abusive relationship. † One gathers an idea of the victim’s â€Å"out† status within the individual’s work, friends, and family relationships. Inquiring if the victim has told those he or she cares for about his or her sexual preference usually does this. Knowing this information is beneficial to the abuser because it will allow the abuser to control what the victim will say to the police, or anyone, about any abuse that would exist in the relationship. The contradiction of this term would exist within the abusers identity. The abuser would use the victim’s fear of exposure against that individual as if it would be a bad thing to come out to those who care for and love the victim. The abuser will use ideology related to bigotry slanders, faith, natural law, or popular beliefs as a weapon to keep this victim in the cycle of abuse. Same-sex female domestic violence is an unspoken problem in the lesbian, bisexual, transgender population. Facts about lesbian domestic violence, myths within the population and services are all misconceived reasons why female domestic violence is such a big issue. You read "Domestic Violence in the Lgbt Community" in category "Papers" There is not a lot of data on female same-sex domestic violence. Therefore, most information is taken from heterosexual domestic violence cases and small population samples from the lesbian community such as women’s festivals and lesbian cruises. Within the lesbian, bisexual, transgender community domestic violence is taboo. A fact from the Lesbian Partner Violence Fact Sheet is 17 – 45 % of lesbians have reported being involved in at least one case of abuse (Rose, 2000). Lesbian victims of abuse are fearful of speaking out for reasons of being judged and pushed out by the lesbian community as a whole. The lesbian, bisexual, transgender communities within a certain area can be small. Unpleasant public allegations ostracize the person and take away community support. Lesbians have few choices of where and how to get help and support, yet the numbers of lesbians affected by domestic violence is about the same as the number of female victims in heterosexual couples (Pattavina, 2007). Types of abuse in female same-sex domestic violence is similar to heterosexual couples, such as hitting, pushing, slapping, disrupting sleep, having sex when one doesn’t want to, and not talking to one another. Behaviors in female same sex domestic violence also include â€Å"jealousy, controlling, becoming involved too quickly, unrealistic expectations, blaming others for their feelings, and hypersensitivity† (rainbowdomesticviolence. itgo. com). A difference is that in a small-knit community, fear of losing support from family and friends isolates and potentially prevents the victim from getting help or even reporting the abuse (Hassaouneh, 2008). But the fear of being â€Å"outted† if that partner is recognized in public, at work, or by the family as being a lesbian is a homophobic fear that hampers the victim in leaving or getting support (Hassouneh, 2008). There is also the isolation within minority groups of lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders. Lesbians often have less support in terms of cultural, ethnic, and religious background to turn to in time of difficulty, like domestic violence (Pattavina et al. , 2007). Especially in cultures where women are not as valued as much as men, it can lead to feelings of discrimination within one’s own community. There is a myth among the lesbian community that a utopia exists. The myth about â€Å"lesbian utopia† is that women are sensitive, nurturing, caring, and get along better because of those reasons. Lesbian utopia is just that, a myth. Women do hit, hurt, and violate other women. Another myth about female intimate partner couples is that there is a more masculine â€Å"butch† woman and a more feminine woman in the relationship. That is not always the case. Yet another myth is that the â€Å"butch† or masculine women is the batterer. Again that is not always the case. A big myth is that female same-sex violence is not as dangerous or serious as heterosexual or gay male couple’s domestic violence (Hassouneh 2008). Violence is violence regardless of who perpetrates it. Female intimate partner abuse is under-reported (McClennen and Gunther, 1999). Many lesbians are afraid of losing the only support system they have (Miller et al, 2000). It may be that the perpetrator is their only support system and there is no knowledge of whom or where to turn for help. Then there is the lesbian who does report and she, the victim, ends up getting arrested (Hassouneh, 2008). The misinformation among law enforcement about how to identify the victim in same-sex domestic violence cases is not always cut and dry (Miller et al. , 2000). There are perpetrators that act as victims. The larger of the two women may get arrested even if she is not the masculine one in appearance. Or the more masculine-appearing woman does get arrested although she may be the victim. There are not always services for women who are lesbian, bisexual, or transgender in the community (Hassouneh, 2008). Either, shelters don’t accept women from the lesbian, bisexual, transgender community or there is no legal standing within the state to substantiate a crime. Many states do not recognize same-sex relationships therefore there are no laws in regards to protection. Many victims in female intimate partner relationships may have experienced violence from a heterosexual relationship in the past. Also â€Å"lesbian individuals are more likely to experience domestic abuse at the hands of their partners than to be exposed to antigay violence perpetrated by strangers† (Pattavina et al. , 2007). A study done by Blaise Fortunata and Carolynn Kohn (2003) of 82 participants, 25 being batterers and 57 non-batterers, states batterers were more likely to have been victims of sexual and/or physical abuse in their childhoods. Also, there was a higher use of drugs and alcohol among batterers. The study suggested some personality traits a batterer would have, such as â€Å"antisocial, aggressive, borderline, paranoid and delusional† (Fortunata and Kohn, 2003). These traits would be seen as lacking in the areas of â€Å"poor boundaries, impulse control, problem solving, affect regulation, along with fear of abandonment, jealousy, low self esteem and an inflated sense of entitlement† (Fortunata and Kohn, 2003). Although Harvey Wallace, the author of the class textbook, would say that there are not any specific characteristics that would describe an abuser. Wallace then goes n to cite factors by other researchers that backup what was depicted in the Fortunata and Kohn study. Factors or characteristics such as the abuser having â€Å"abuse in the family of origin, low self-esteem, male superiority, authoritarian personality and copes by minimizing the abuse† are Wallace’s (2008) examples. The first step in getting treatment as a victim is to accept that the victim is a victim. Reaching out for help, looking up shelter phone numbers and calling them, or getting a plan together for when the victim needs to get out are some good first steps (rainbowdomesticviolence. itgo. com). Educate the victim in how to create a safety plan by putting personal items such as birth certificate, credit cards, and medications all together so one can leave quickly (rainbowdomesticviolence. itgo. com). Have clothes and hygiene products available in the car or at a friend’s house. Give the victim time to regroup. Her life has been turned upside-down, and the healing process will take a while. When examining homosexual relationships, meaning male-to-male relationships, we see that studies as a whole indicate they have higher rates of promiscuity and violent behavior than heterosexual couples. We must rely on studies for more accurate rates of domestic violence in homosexual couples because much of the abuse is under-reported. Under reporting is due to largely the same reasons we have discussed about why lesbian victims fear asking for help from law enforcement, friends, or family. The American Journal of Public Health has published a detailed study of domestic violence victimization in the homosexual community. It focused on four geological areas, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York. The study resulted in 2,881 complete interviews (Merrill, pg. 23). In these interviews the men answered highly personal questions under strict confidentiality. This was a large groundbreaking study that has been the cornerstone of homosexual domestic violence research. It was revealed that 39% of those studied reported being battered by their spouse at least once in the last five years. This figure was much higher than heterosexual women victimizations at 11. 6% (Merrill, pg. 44). Men infected with the AIDS virus were more at risk for psychological and physical abuse than their HIV negative peers, and were more likely to be victimized in a sexual manner (Merrill, pg. 1). Solid research like this helps to open our eyes to a real problem with homosexual domestic violence, and it needs to be addressed. We need to de-sensitize law enforcement officials and set up more support for homosexual victims and therapy for perpetrators. There is a direct link between high rates of promiscuity and partner violence because cheating is common. Having multiple partn ers outside of the relationship can dilute the quality of the relationship; furthermore, it blurs boundary lines. Promiscuity commonly leads to jealousy, which in turn leads to emotional and physical abuse (Cruz, pg. 60). The sexual relationships of gay males are plagued with domestic violence, just as lesbian and heterosexual relationships are. There are many similarities and differences when considering the factors that go into domestic violence when looking at gay males versus lesbians and heterosexuals †¦ lets take a look at a few of them. As discussed before, lesbians have a fear of being â€Å"outted† when others are alerted to the abuse happening in their relationships. Gay males who have not fully come out of the closet have this same fear, which may cause them to not report abuse by their spouses. However, HIV rates run much higher in the gay male population than in the lesbian population, and perpetrators have been known to blackmail their victims with the threat of revealing their HIV- positive status (Cruz pg. 164). In terms of law enforcement and how it often handles cases of LGBT domestic violence, they stereotypically see the bigger or more masculine partner as the perpetrator, which often times sends the victim to jail. Police are primarily responsible for enforcing domestic violence laws. Legal agencies, in general, are conservative, and many don’t try to conceal their homophobia. This trait begins with the police, and goes up through criminal justice system. The DA’s, judges, and probation officers have their own social biases, which often do not support gay and lesbian victims. This is especially problematic for criminal prosecutors who enforce victim protection orders. The patriarchal nature of our society makes it difficult for law enforcement to enforce domestic violence laws. This heterosexual bias also reflects the resistance of the prosecution and judicial systems to prosecute same-sex offenders. The vagueness of the mandate to law enforcement personnel allows a great deal of discretion on he part of the individual officer in the disposition of a domestic violence investigation. â€Å"The lack of systematic training on this issue for police officers heightens the idiosyncratic enforcement of laws. The unpredictable nature of the police response represents a significant deterrent to reporting domestic violence among gay/lesbian/bisexual families . This occurs despite the fact that as a matter of policy, preferred arrest policies do exist in many states and localities. These policies suggest that the preferred response to a report of battering is to make the arrest. There are many resources designed to support the LGBT community. Yet, in researching policies of domestic violence issues, one will find one story after another about the fear surrounding reporting these instances to authorities. It appears that these networks provide the majority of support for many issues, and that those in the LGBT community cannot and perhaps, should not report instances of domestic violence to the police. In conclusion, it is important to remember both the similarities and the differences between heterosexual and LGBT domestic violence. Despite the fact that the same dynamics of power and control are evident in both forms, the sexual orientation of the partners, the effects of the battery, and certainly, whether there are ample helping resources should the victim decide to reach out have everything to do with how the perpetrator chooses to maintain that control. It is essential that we recognize domestic violence in all our communities. And it is essential that we build community-specific strategies to end domestic violence in all its forms. How to cite Domestic Violence in the Lgbt Community, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Hopes and Dreams free essay sample

Hopes and Dreams Essay 1 Dreams are what make this world what it is today. Joining the military right out of high school and beginning my family caused me to put my hopes and dreams on hold. To dream is to live and we dream in our personal life. Dreaming in advance of what we want in life assures that we are alive. My hopes and dreams are to for fill my expectations of completing my degree and to overcome my fears and concerns, My expectations of being a college student and completing my degree are very simple.I expect to do very well academically and succeed in completing my degree. My hopes are to retain the information learned and to refresh what has been taught earlier so that I may utilize the information in the future. To display growth in development of a desirable learning objective while spending time with the curriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on Hopes and Dreams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, my expectations include improving and developing problem solving skills, to realize and develop more knowledge in computer and writing to be better prepared with skills to function successfully in a diverse society such as our.Secondly, my fears and concerns are not being able to complete my work successfully due to time constraints and because I currently work twelve hour rotating shift. What I fear the most is fitting in to the classroom setting as an adult. Other fears and concerns that come to mind are will I fit in, commitment of time, attending class with younger students and will it take up much of my time.Finally, after weighing these expectations, fears and concerns I thought of my hopes and dreams and decided to go for. I will do my best to give one hundred percent while continuing my present job in an effort to support my family as I have always done. I hope and I dream therefore, I know that I am alive. It is true that many dreams may not come to pass, but there is a light at the end of the tunnel if there is courage and belief in one’s self. Dreams are what make the world what it is today.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Quinine Essays - Alcohols, Alkaloids, Quinine, Quinolines

Quinine Stories of Native Americans contributions to the advancement of health and medicine traces were discovered in a small town in Nali, Africa. The very first onset of the beggining of modern pharmacology is the substance called quinine. This is the substance that came from a bark of a tree that grew in high elevations. The Indians has been using this substance to cure malaria, cramps, chills, hear-rythm disorders and many other ailments. Prior to the disovery of quinine, the old world suffers enormously because the lack of medical knowledge that the old world posess. Quinine would have probably been introduce somewhere in 1630, as it was mention in a belgian medical text. Quinine made extensive settlement in America possible due to the fact that it cures malaria better than any other medicine and because its potent medicinal values. Until recently, quinine has been sold in Timbuktu as a medical tonic that promotes vitality and refreshments drink. This Indian tonic is apearant through ou t the city of Timbuktu in Africa. It`s a relic of a long line of deriratives tonics sold in the ninteenth and early twentieth century as a cures for all known imaginable ailments. There were realtive of the tree that provide quinine also cure amoebic dysentery and lethal infection of the intestine. Amoebic dysentery is a disease that cause by ingestions of certain amoebes, the symptoms range from bloody diarrhea to high fever. Ipecac is a medincine the Indians of the Amazon had created using three to four yearl old cepahlaelis ipecacuanla and c. acuminia plants to cure intestinal infections that is deadly among children. Up till now, poison clinic through out the world still use it to induce vomitting because of its emetic properties. Even though their discovery of quinine and ipecac cures many disease, they weren`t fortune enough to enjoy the benefit of their discovery that their old world counterpart did. Western science in the old world largely ignored the potency, effectiveness, and utility until it cures scurvy and thus illustrate the superiority of the Indian medical knowledge and pharmacology. Followings to the Indians pharmacology superior knowledge is the discovery of a laxative or cathartic by the Indians of northern California and Oregon use to treat constipation. The laxative that the Indians had discovered leads to the modern medicine commonly use medicine to treat bowel related ailments. This medicine is actually a bark of the Rhamus purchiana shrub, it uniqueness is that it dissolves clogg bowels in the intestinal within eight hours. Because of its mild manner on the user that present no discomfort, it was widely accepted as a laxative eversince its introductions by Americas pharmacuetical industry in 1878. The discovery of carure was mentions when a voyayer named Francisco de Orellana first discover it in the Amazon river. It was mention that when he travel down the river and was being attacked by the Indians and one of his man died because the arrows that the Indians had used to attacked his men was being painted with the substance called curare. It took medical reseacher a long time to unravel how curare works. Later when they find out on how it operates, the reseacher noted that it work by blocking the nerve transmission to the muscle and therefore paralizing a victims ability to breath. Intially nobody could find any useful for it until it was found that if given in small dose, it could relax the muscle and this proves very useful for surgery purposes. Its first use in the old world was to cure tetanus and soon follows other pratical use to reduce abdominal pain, restrict muscle contraction so that doctors could insert tubes into the windpipe to facilitate breathing and it was synthesized into a number of different muscle relaxant drugs. Later in the ninteenth century, doctors use it as a means of euthanasia for the terminally ill patients. Indians in northeastern of the U.S use vermifuge pinkroot to treat intestinal worms, dogwwod are being use to reduce fever, liquid is extracted from willow tree capable of curing headache and other minor pain. later in the centuries did western medical science recognized aspirin as a coal tar deriratives that has the active ingredient